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The site is secure. The objectives of our study were to study the stethoscope cleaning practices of medical personnel and to assess the microbial load on stethoscopes and efficacy of cleaning stethoscopes with alcohol-based disinfectant.
A questionnaire-based cross-sectional study was conducted among medical personnel at a tertiary care hospital in India to assess their knowledge and cleaning practices regarding stethoscope disinfection. Samples from the stethoscopes were collected before and after cleaning with alcohol-based disinfectant.
Out usa jobs federal jobs government jobs opensea marketplace insurance – usa jobs federal jobs governme 62 participants, All the initial swab samples showed bacterial growth. There was mixed growth in the samples taken from 35 stethoscope bells and 31 diaphragms. Bacteria included coagulase negative staphylococci, bacillus species, diptheroids, S. After cleaning with an alcohol-based disinfectant, there was a significant decrease in the average number of bacterial colony-forming units.
Regular cleaning practices should be followed to prevent growth and transmission of potentially pathogenic organisms. The World Health Organization WHO defines a healthcare-associated infection HCAI as an infection occurring in a patient in a hospital or other healthcare facility, in whom the infection was not present or incubating at the time of admission WHO, A survey conducted by the WHO in 55 hospitals across 14 countries revealed an average of 8.
HCAIs are caused by bacteria, fungi or viruses through various sources including person-to-person contact via the hands of healthcare providers and visitors, personal equipment, airborne transmission, environmental contamination and colonised hospital staff Gastmeier et al. Stethoscopes are an integral part of the physical examination of patients.
They are a potential vector for nosocomial infections Jones et al. Study participants : Faculty members, resident doctors, medical students and paramedical personnel who were working in clinical care settings at a tertiary care setting. The medical personnel who use stethoscopes regularly in their clinical practice and those who consented were recruited in the study. Sample size usa jobs federal jobs government jobs opensea marketplace insurance – usa jobs federal jobs governme All the doctors faculty members and residentsnurses and medical students engaged in active patient care who use their individual stethoscopes in the various areas of the hospital were eligible to participate in the study.
The eligible candidates were approached by two final-year medical students and were explained about the study in detail. The students distributed the questionnaire and collected it from the participants. These students also collected the swabs from the stethoscopes.
A total of 62 participants were included. The stethoscopes shared by multiple personnel in the common area were excluded. Written informed consent was obtained from the participants at time of the survey and all usa jobs federal jobs government jobs opensea marketplace insurance – usa jobs federal jobs governme information was kept confidential.
The Institute Human Ethical Committee reviewed and approved our study protocol. In order to assess the knowledge and cleaning practices regarding the disinfection of stethoscopes, the healthcare personnel were administered a questionnaire at the same visit while collecting samples from their stethoscopes.
The stethoscope diaphragm D and bell B were divided into two equal parts and the initial samples labelled S 0 D and S 0 B, respectively were collected using sterile swabs moistened with sterile saline from one half of the stethoscope to document the baseline microbial load on the diaphragm.
The stethoscope was then cleaned by alcohol-based disinfectant Sterilliumcommonly used as перейти disinfectant in the hospitals. This division of the stethoscope into two parts was done to obviate the effect of physical removal of microbes by the first swab, thereby affecting the assessment of reduction in microbial load after cleaning, if any.
In order to eliminate confusion and maintain uniformity, one of the researchers collected the samples from the stethoscopes whereas another researcher cleaned the stethoscope and administered the questionnaire. Both the swabs were labelled with the date and time of collection along with the clinical area of work of the participant. The participants were assigned a unique identification number.
Identification of the isolates was done by Gram stain and standard biochemical tests Catalase test, Coagulase test, Indole test, Methyl red test, Voges-Proskauer test, Citrate test, Oxidase test and Urease test. Thirty-three individuals None of the participants cleaned their stethoscopes after seeing each patient. Among the individuals who cleaned their stethoscopes, the majority All the initial swab samples taken from the 62 stethoscopes showed bacterial growth.
The samples taken from 35 stethoscope bells and 31 stethoscope diaphragms showed mixed growth. On the stethoscope bells, 96 organisms were isolated which comprised of eight different genera. Among the 96 isolates, 25 were potentially pathogenic and the rest were skin commensals.
On the stethoscope diaphragm, a total of 92 organisms were isolated comprising eight different genera. Among the 92 isolates, 22 were potentially pathogenic and the rest of the isolates were skin commensals. Potentially pathogenic isolates were S. Figure 1 shows the frequency of stethoscope bells and diaphragms of the healthcare personnel with bacterial isolates. After cleaning with an alcohol-based disinfectant, K. Out of 62 stethoscopes, 25 had potentially pathogenic bacterial growth before cleaning stethoscopes with alcohol-based disinfectant.
However, after cleaning the фраза how to build a federal resume on usajobs resume builder прощения, only two had pathogenic growth of isolates. Usa jobs federal jobs government jobs opensea marketplace insurance – usa jobs federal jobs governme odds ratio OR of 4.
Table 2 depicts the relationship of stethoscope cleaning frequency with the presence of potentially pathogenic isolates. It was seen that the stethoscopes that were never cleaned had the maximum numbers of polymicrobial growth.
Relationship of stethoscope cleaning frequency with the presence of potentially pathogenic isolates. Table 3 shows the bacterial load on the stethoscopes before and after cleaning with alcohol-based disinfectant. There was a marked reduction in the number of colony-forming units of all isolates after cleaning with alcohol-based disinfectant.
Average number of colony-forming units CFUs of isolates before and after cleaning the stethoscopes. These results are similar to those obtained from previous studies Gazibara et al.
Despite the adequate knowledge, the practice of cleaning the stethoscopes was poor. In our study, 33 A study done in London by Whittington et al.
Продолжение здесь may be explained by the fact that the average number of patients seen per day by a physician in the developed world is much less compared to their counterparts in our country, who are overwhelmed with patient numbers. We observed that alcohol-based disinfectant was the most common agent used for cleaning the stethoscopes.
These results are similar to previous studies Gazibara et al. All 62 stethoscopes revealed some bacterial growth before cleaning. This is similar to previous studies Marinella et al. However, Rao et al. Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus and diphtheroids are common skin commensals and are as likely to have come from the user as much as a patient and are not usa jobs federal jobs government jobs opensea marketplace insurance – usa jobs federal jobs governme when transferred to intact skin.
Similarly, bacillus is an environmental organism and does not pose a risk in this situation. Among the potentially pathogenic organisms, the most common organisms isolated were S.
Some studies Marinella et al. Those who had never cleaned their stethoscopes were more likely to harbour potentially pathogenic organisms, i. However, even after cleaning with alcohol-based disinfectant, there was a persistence of Klebsiella growth in the stethoscopes obtained from an ICU. This is most likely due to resistance of the nosocomial Klebsiella isolates to disinfectants Gebel et al. For such resistant pathogens, hydrogen peroxide-based disinfectants have been shown to have maximum efficacy Solutions Designed for Healthcare, This may not be feasible in developing countries given the large number of patients per doctor and also the scarcity of resources alcohol-based disinfectant in this setting.
However, our study has certain limitations. First, the sample size was small. Second, as our study focused only on aerobes, other microorganisms anaerobes, viruses and fungus have not been studied. Another limitation is that, samples were not obtained from the tubings of the stethoscope.
Further studies are needed to draw guidelines for minimum standards for frequency of stethoscope cleaning in order to prevent HCAIs. The strengths of our study were that we divided the stethoscope into two parts so that the effect of physical removal of microbes was obviated, and we estimated the microbial load before and after cleaning the stethoscopes so that a reduction in the load was demonstrated.
Stethoscope cleaning practices were far from satisfactory in the study population. Regular cleaning practices should be followed to prevent growth and transmission of pathogenic organisms and thereby prevent hospital-acquired infections. Alcohol-based disinfectant is an efficacious agent for cleaning the stethoscopes. Peer review statement: Not commissioned; blind peer-reviewed. J Infect Prev. Published online Nov 7. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer.
Received Oct 5; Accepted Aug Abstract Background: The objectives of our study were to study the stethoscope cleaning practices of medical personnel and to assess the microbial load on stethoscopes and efficacy of cleaning stethoscopes with alcohol-based disinfectant. Methodology: A questionnaire-based cross-sectional study was conducted among medical personnel at a tertiary care hospital in India to assess their knowledge and cleaning practices regarding stethoscope disinfection.
Results: Out of 62 participants, Conclusions: Regular cleaning practices should be followed to prevent growth and transmission of potentially pathogenic organisms. Keywords: Disinfection, stethoscope, healthcare-associated infection. Background The World Health Organization WHO defines a healthcare-associated usa jobs federal jobs government jobscan costco online free HCAI as an infection occurring in a patient in a hospital or other healthcare facility, in whom the infection was not present or incubating at the time of admission WHO, Objectives To study the stethoscope cleaning practices of healthcare personnel in a tertiary care hospital in Central India.
To study the efficacy of cleaning with alcohol-based disinfectant on microbial load on stethoscopes.
